soulgate的个人空间B1U3-Teaching Plan 2
Unit 3 Understanding Science
Science is a little bit
like the air you breathe---it is everywhere.
I.
Warm-up
questions:
a.
Ask students to discuss in
what way science and technology have changed the world we live in. Give
examples.
b.
If possible, ask students
what their attitudes are towards science and in what way science is a good or
bad thing.
II.
Culture Notes:
a.
Stephen Hawking
He is an English astrophysicist
who was born in 1942. He is a leader in the fields of theoretical physics and cosmology.
Hawking is most famous for his work no black
holes, bodies of matter so dense that their gravitational fields trap even
light inside.
In his early twenties,
Hawking was diagnosed with a ultimately terminal illness. Today he is confined
to a wheelchair and unable to speak. He communicates his brilliant ideas with
the aid of computers.
Stephen Hawking is considered the world's
foremost theoretical physicist, an expert on black holes whose intention is to
unify quantum mechanics with Einstein's general
theory of relativity, forming a single theory to explain the origin (and end) of
the universe. Hawking, a professor of mathematics at
His current work
involves an investigation of the origin of the universe and an understanding of
how the universe operates. Hawking has published countless papers and some
best-selling books including A Brief History of Time. He is very well
respected by his colleagues and has been described as a fine mentor with a great
sense of humor. He gracefully accepts his mistakes when they are pointed out to
him and he simply moves on. Hawking has been awarded 12 honorary doctorates
including ones from Harvard, Yale, Princeton,
In 1989, Hawking
became a Companion of Honor by Queen Elizabeth. Ironically, Hawking has not been
the recipient of a Nobel Prize since the prize requires a major achievement to
be proven, and Hawking's ideas are so advanced that they have not been proven
yet. Professor Stephen Hawking still teaches at
Hawking combined the
fields of Quantum Theory and General Relativity through his research. This
combination of the two fields happened after he was able to show that when the
General Theory of Relativity is utilized, this implies that both time and space
would have a defined starting and ending point. The beginning would occur during
the big bang and the end would be inside of the black holes. Hawking theorized
that black holes were not entirely black but in fact emitted certain types of
radiation. Over time, the black holes could evaporate and ultimately disappear
from existence.
Hawking also
contributed to the idea of imaginary time. This sort of time is somewhat related
to the idea of imaginary numbers (multiples of the square root of -1). In this
realm of thought and existence, he has theorized that the universe would have no
boundaries. Hawking has also had an interest in the classification of
gravitational waves. These waves can help physicists and astronomers identify
when and where stellar events occur. These waves can also give the scientific
community idea of what the initial conditions of the universe were. A constant
has also been named for him in the equation S = kA, where S is the heat capacity
of a black hole, A is the area, and k is Hawking's Constant. Hawking has
theorized that the arrow of time can only point in one direction that is
forward. Two more postulates that Hawking has formulated include wormholes and
baby universes. He theorizes that only subatomic particles can travel through
wormholes to alternate universes, if they in fact exist. Baby universes are
another modification of the Big Bang Theory in that after the explosion many
different universes were created like bubbles. Also, each bubble has the ability
to create another baby universe. Both Hawking and Kip Thorne have theorized that
a singularity exists in the interior of a black hole.
He has also been able
to modify the laws of thermodynamics into the laws of black holes with the
addition that the entropy of any given black hole is directly proportional to
the surface area. Stephen Hawking is obviously the greatest theoretical
physicist of the modern era and perhaps of all time because of his work with the
properties of space, time, and relativity.
Hawking is certainly
one of the most amazing scientific success stories of all time. For a man to
overcome such an obstacle like the crippling disease ALS and still be able to
accomplish as much as he has is amazing. He has spent his lifetime applying the
concepts of relativity to determining the origins of the universe. This man has
not only inspired the scientific community with his theories, but the common man
as well.
b.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME
It is a landmark book written for those of us
who prefer words to equations. Told by an extraordinary contributor to the ideas
of humankind, this is the story of the ultimate quest for knowledge, the ongoing
search for the secrets at the heart of time and space.
斯蒂芬·霍金教授是当代享有盛誉的伟人之一，被称为在世的最伟大的科学家，当今的爱因斯坦。他在统一20世纪物理学的两大基础理论—爱因斯坦的相对论和普朗克的量子论方面走出了重要一步。1989年获得英国爵士荣誉称号。他是英国皇家学会学员和美国科学院外籍院士。
霍金教授1942年出生于英国牛津，这一天正好是伽利略的300年忌日。1963年，霍金教授被诊断患有肌肉萎缩症，即运动神经病。1965年获得理论物理学博士学位。1974年3月1日，霍金教授在《自然》上发表论文，阐述了自己的新发现—黑洞是有辐射的。在几个星期内，全世界的物理学家都在讨论他的研究工作（霍金所指的辐射被称为霍金辐射）。霍金的新发现，被认为是多年来理论物理学最重要的进展。该论文被称为“物理学史上最深刻的论文之一”。1975—1976年间，在其获得6项大奖中有伦敦皇家天文学会的埃丁顿勋章、梵蒂冈教皇科学学会十一世勋章、霍普金斯奖、美国丹尼欧海涅曼奖、马克斯韦奖和英国皇家学会的休斯勋章。1978年他获得物理界最有威望的大奖—阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦奖。1979年，被任命为著名的、曾一度为牛顿所任的剑桥大学卢卡逊数学教授。1988年，霍金的惊世之著《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》A Brief History of
Time：from the Big Bang to Black
Holes）发行。从研究黑洞出发，探索了宇宙的起源和归宿，解答了人类有史以来一直探索的问题：时间有没有开端，空间有没有边界。这是人类科学史上里程碑式的佳作。该书被译成40余种文字，出版了1000余万册。霍金教授的通俗演讲在国际上也享有盛誉，他的足迹遍布世界各地。他试图通过自己的书籍和通俗演讲，将自己的思想与整个世界交流。2000年初，霍金在美国白宫做了演讲，这是世界之夜（Millennium
Evenings）活动的一部分，克林顿总统亲切会见他并向他表示祝贺。2001年10月又一部力作《The
Universe in a
Nutshell》出版发行。该书是《时间简史》的姐妹篇。在该书中，霍金揭示了自《时间简史》发表以来，理论物理学的伟大突破。
III. Introductory
Remark
What is science? This is a
very reasonable question, but unfortunately it isn't easy to provide a simple,
definitive answer because there is no entity with the authority to define
science. Coming up with a proper definition of science is not unlike coming up
with a proper definition of other human institutions, like religion or family:
there is so much going on that long, complex books are written in an effort to
explain it all - and still people disagree.
Questions about
the nature and function of science have been topics of debate for as long as
science has existed. That science works, and works well, is obvious - but it
would help to better understand how it works and why it works so well. Then we
have a chance to improve it, avoid future problems, and maybe apply the lessons
elsewhere.
Most people
assume that science increases the amount of knowledge we have about the
universe. Generally speaking, that's true and it's why science is so important;
sometimes, though, science can actually decrease 'knowledge' because it reveals
that what we thought we knew to be true wasn't true at all but without providing
solid facts as a replacement. The definition of science poses problems for
people. Everyone seems to have an idea of what science is, but actually
articulating it proves difficult. Doing so, however, is necessary to understand
what science really is and what science is not. Understanding science is, in
turn, necessary because of its power and influence in modern society. Ignorance
about science simply isn't a wise option. Reading
Stephen Hawking let us know that science does not belong to scientists
only but to society as a whole.
Pre-reading task
In order to help students
to read effectively and with motivation, some questions are asked of them and
expected from them through a process of predicting or
anticipating.
Suggested questions may go
like these:
Q: Who is this
article about?
It is about a
well-known scientist, Stephen Hawking.
Q: What
questions interest him?
He is
interested in such big questions as How did the universe begin? Why is the
universe the way it is? And how will it end?
Q: What makes
his achievements so remarkable?
It is the contrast between the strength of his mind and the weakness of
his body.
Q: Is Hawking a
disabled genius? What is wrong with his health?
Yes, this is for sure.
Hawking has ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) or Lou Gehrig's disease,
a neuromuscular disease that progressively weakens muscle control. As a
21-year-old graduate student in cosmology at
Q: How is he
now?
Today, he's 62
and married with three children. He gets around in a wheelchair, and after
completely losing the use of his vocal chords in an operation to assist his
breathing in 1985, he communicates through a computer. A speech synthesizer
"speaks" for him after he punches in what he wants to say, selecting words in
the computer software by pressing a switch with his hand.
Q: Is he also a
best-selling author?
Yes. His book,
A Brief History of Time that was published in 1988, has been translated
into 33 languages and has sold nine million copies.
Q: What is Dr. Hawking best known
for?
He is best
known for his discovery that black holes emit radiation that can be detected by
special instrumentation. His discovery has made the detailed study of black
holes possible.
Q: What
discovery did Stephen Hawking make that improved our knowledge of the
universe?
He discovered
that black holes emit radiation (x-rays and gamma-rays), which scientists can
detect, and use to study the black hole.
Q: Why does
Stephen Hawking say that black holes are not black?
That is because
that when you add a proper description of the physical vacuum to describing the
immediate environment near the event horizon of a black hole, the strong
gravitational tidal forces near the horizon separate the virtual
electron-positron particle pairs that are always flashing in and out of
existence. One of the particles may then escape while the other falls into the
hole, thereby the event horizon is not black but from the viewpoint of a distant
observer it is constantly emitting particles. Over time, this 'Hawking
radiation' would steadily reduce the gravitational
mass of the black hole,
causing it to eventually evaporate.
Q: Why did Stephen Hawking change his mind
about his black hole theory?
The reason is
that his theory couldn't explain a fundamental paradox. Matter entering a black
hole could not just "disappear;" quantum physics laws state that
matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The paradox inspired a 30-year
debate among scientists that ended when Hawking recently came up with the
answer.
While-reading
tasks
A.
Content
questions
Teacher may
refer to those questions on page 67 to 68 of the textbook to check on the
students’ global understanding of the Text A.
B. Language Points
Words
1.
accurate adj.
e.g. He is accurate in his
judgment.
His information was fairly
accurate.
She is accurate in her
calculation.
To be accurate, it is
twenty-five past nine.
Synonym: precise e.g. A scientist must be precise in making
experiments.
exact e.g. I don’t know the exact terms of the
agreement.
Antonym: inaccurate
Word form : accuracy n. accurately adv.
2.
attitude n.
e.g. His study attitude is
poor.
We take an open-minded
attitude toward friends.
What is your attitude to
my idea?
He stood there in a
threatening attitude.
3.
basis n.
e.g. What is the basis of
her idea?
Society rests on the basis
of the family.
On the basis of those
facts, we can reach the following conclusion.
Synonym: base e.g. The base of the statue is made of
stone.
4.
brief n. vt. adj.
e.g. Please draw up a brief for a
speech..
If you want me to put your case forcible,
you must brief me thoroughly beforehand.
He is brief of
speech..
My acquaintance with him is
brief.
In brief, she was
happy with the result.
Word from: briefly adv. brevity n.
5.
contact vt. n.
e.g.
I must contact my lawyer
before I make my final decision.
Their troops are in
contact with the enemy.
He made many useful social
contacts while he was in
The opposing forces are
now in contact with each other.
She has much
personal contact with me.
6. highly adv.
e.g. The book was highly
amusing.
He spoke highly
of the hero’s behavior.
Liu Xiang was highly
pleased with his performance.
Word form: high adj. height n.
7. initiative n.
e.g. A leader must have
initiative.
He did not have the
initiative to start his own business.
I have no
initiative.
He is eager to win
initiative.
Word form: initiation n. initiate v.
8.civilization n.
e.g. Some people think
that nuclear war would mean the end of civilization.
Word form: civil adj. civilian n. civilize vt.
Phrases and
Expressions
1. do without-----manage or survive
without
e.g. I can do without a car today if you need
it.
I will have to do without
dinner if you don’t get back in time.
2.
put/turn the clock back-----return to
a situation that used to exist
e.g. Forget all about it
and look to the future, you can’t turn the clock back.
Nobody can put back the
clock..
3.
cut off-----stop providing;
remove
e.g. The electricity
supply will be cut off if you don’t pay accounts in time.
The storm has cut us
off.
4.
bring about-----make something
happen
e.g. Computers have
brought about many changes in our daily life.
Sometimes misunderstanding
will bring about a quarrel.
5.
slow down/up-----become slower, or
make someone or something slower
e.g. The train slowed down
as it approached the station.
You should slow up a bit
if you want to avoid a breakdown.
6.
at the moment-----now, at the present
moment
e.g. I’m rather busy at
the moment. Could I call you back a bit later.
I’m working on a book at
the moment.
7.
in two minds-----unable to decide
whether or not you want something
e.g. I think she is in two
minds about whether to accept his present or not.
It seems to me that the
board of directors is in two minds over the opening of a branch office in
8.
lie in-----exist or be found in
something
e.g. The solution lies in
social and political reform.
The root of the DPRK
nuclear lies in the abnormal DPRK-US relationship.
9.
in terms of-----as regards, expressed
as
e.g. In terms of customer
satisfaction, the policy cannot be criticized.
In terms of money we are
quite rich, but not in terms of happiness.
10. put
across/over----- cause to be understood
e.g. He is an
inexperienced teacher who doesn’t put his ideas across very well. The teacher
quickly puts his ideas across to his students.
11.
in the form of-----shaped
like
e.g. A church was built in
the form of a cross.
Socrates always put across
his great ideas in the form of questions.
12.
fit into-----be part of the
situation, match
e.g. He does not really
fit into the organization.
Educational programs
should fit into the national plan for economic
development.
练习 / 讨论Exercises /
discussion
Post-reading
tasks
1. Teacher may invite students to summarize
the article to see whether they have grasped the essence of the
essay.
2. Discuss: 1) Should cloning of human beings be
banned?
2)
How does science change
our lives? Give examples.
3)
How does a space station
serve mankind?
4)
We have to choose between
investing in social welfare programs and the space program, we should choose
social programs because they meet people’s immediate needs. Is that
right?
5)
Does the space program
really help us here on earth, or is it simply an exciting adventure program,
something that looks good on TV?
V.
作业 /
assignment
Vocabulary and
Structure
1. We
have not _____ information to state the exact damage.
A.
equal
B. sufficient
C. satisfied D.
efficient
2. The _____ of currency
of many Asian countries to US dollar greatly lowered in the recent financial
crisis.
A.
rate
B. exchange
C. change D.
proportion
3. Careful surveys have
indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _____
directed.
A. like
B. so
C. which D.
as
4.
The children
went there to watch the iron tower _____.
A. to erect B. be
erected C. being
erected D.
erecting
5. A club
is a place to make frequent _____ with friends.
A. contract B. contrast C. content D.
contact
6. The
students _____ the teacher, but he couldn’t remember the exact exam results of
every one.
A. inquired of B. inquires after C. inquired for D. inquired
about
7. The
project, _____ by the end of 2008, will expand the city’s telephone network
to
cover 1,000,000
users.
A. accomplished
B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished
D. having been accomplished
8. He may not like my
visit, but I shall go and see him _____.
A
.anyway B.
anybody C.
however D. although
9.
Although the financial and banking crisis spread all the southeastern Asia
countries, the market in
A. firm
B. ready C.
standard
D. steady
10. The
match was so dull that most of the _____ left at a
half-time.
A. players B. audience C. public
D. crowd
11.
Though they were in the mountain area, they were well _____ about the world by
watching TV.
A. told
B. said
C. informed
D. spoken
12. The
management of computer network is really beyond my _____ , but I can get useful
information from it.
A. catch B.
grasp
C. snatch D.
grab
13. Ever since the family
moved to the suburbs last year, they _____ better health.
A. could have enjoyed
B. had enjoyed
C. have been enjoying
D. are enjoying
14. If
the whole operation _____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have
been lost.
A. had not been planned
B. has not been planned
C. was not planned
D. were not planned
15. No sooner had we
reached the top of the hill _____ we all sat down to rest.
A. when B.
then
C. than
D. until
16. _____
as it was at such a time, his work attracted much
attention.
A. Being published B.
Published
C. Publishing
D. To be published
17. I
could not persuade him to accept it, _____ make him see the importance of
it.
A. if only I could not
B. no more than I could
C. nor could I
D. or I could
not
18. Only
by shouting at the top of his voice _____.
A. was he able to make
himself hear
B. he was able to make himself hear
C. he was able to make
himself heard D.
was he able to make himself heard
19. You
_____ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of
thing.
A. needn’t have done
B. must not have done
C. shouldn’t have done
D. can not have done
20. _____
she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.
A. That was from
Stephen
B. It was Stephen
whom
C. It was from Stephen
that
D. It was Stephen
that
21. _____
that the trade between the two countries reached its highest
point.
A. During the 1960’s
B. it was in the
1960’s
C. That it was in the
1960’s
D. It was the
1960’s
22. As
teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think
_____.
A. ought to be said B. must say C. have to be said D. need to say
23. There
are few electronic applications _____ to raise fears regarding future employment
opportunities than robots.
A. likely
B. more likely
C. most likely D. much
likely
24. Those
jeans will _____ in the wash.
A. shrink
B. diminish C.
contract D. reduce
25. I
cannot _____ you a good post under this situation.
A. assure
B. ensure
C. make sure D. be sure
26. If
full credit were given to this part, it could _____ a high grade for the student
in his physical course.
A. belong to B.
be due to
C. subject to
D. contribute to
27. John
said that he was going to _____ his wife home next year.
A. advise
B. accompany C. depart D. discard
28.
Prices _____ because of the change in economic policy.
A. flew
B. skipped C. ran
D. soared
29. While
others sat at home studying papers on the subject.
A. on-the-spot B.
in-the-spot
C. at-the-spot D. of-the-spot
30. He
_____ my authority by allowing the children to do things I have
forbidden.
A. underestimated B. undermined C.
underlined D.
underlay
Suggested
Key:
（1.
B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. C
16. B 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. C 21. B 22. A 23. B 24. A 25.
B 26. D 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. B）
Writing and
Translation
President Bush seemed to have divided the stem-cell issue neatly
last August. Stem cells, extracted from early-stage embryos, can develop into
any of the body’s cells and show great promise against myriad diseases. But
some think this research, which kills the embryos in the process, is immoral.
Bush decided to allow federal money for research on the 64 lines of stem cells
that had already been developed but cut off funding for any new
lines.
Supplementary
Material
1. Great minds think
alike. 英雄所见略同。
2. To get ahead
you’ll have to work long hours and take short vacations. 要出头，就要多流汗，少享受。
3. Don’t bury
your head in the sand. 不要逃避现实。
4.
5. Set a thief
to catch a thief. 以毒攻毒。
6. To err is
human, to forgive is divine. 犯错误是人之常情，饶恕是超凡脱俗。
7. Tomorrow
never comes. 明日复明日，明日何其多。
8. If you insist.
恭敬不如从命。
9. God helps those who
help themselves. 自助者，神助之。
10. I’m ready
to boil over. 我快被气炸了。
11. Wash your
dirty linen at home. 家丑不可外扬。
12. The ill
intention is too clear for every one to see. 司马昭之心，路人皆知。
13. He is a
bum. 他游手好闲.
14. Look on
the bright side. 往好的方面想吧。
15. He’s got
one foot in the grave. 他行将就木。
Dictation
We all benefit
from the space shuttle in very important ways. The pace shuttle proves that we
can go into space and then land safely back on earth again. Now we will be able
to transport cargo back and forth. We can build laboratories in space and do
experiments there that we can’t do here on earth because of the earth’s gravity.
We can produce chemicals and medicines there that we cannot produce there on
earth, and these substances will be tremendously valuable to us. We can also set
up a really effective system of defense in space to protect our country from
foreign attack. Yes, all of us in the
Useful Expressions
1. be geared to
international standards与国际接轨
2. attach
importance to the problem of population aging重视老龄化问题
3. maternity
and child care妇幼保健
4. inter-disciplinary
talent复合型人才
5. online love
affair网恋
6. magnet
train磁悬列车
7. in-word流行字眼
8. heuristic
education启发式教育
9. education
for all-round development素质教育
10. teach
through lively activities寓教于乐
11. jerry-built
project豆腐渣工程
12. WAP
phone上网手机
13. excessive
consumption提前消费
14. do a
thankless job吃力不讨好
15. chain debts
三角债
B1U3-Teaching Plan 2,soulgate,交友，手机交友，真实交友，我酷, 我酷网,woku,手机,手机拍拍秀, 手机群， 手机相册， 找朋友，手机照片,手机图片,移动博客 ,个人空间, 个人主页,移动个人空间 ,博客,sns，我酷论坛,论坛,mini,手机拍照,相册,魔法相册,社区,网络社区, 在线社区